In 1931, as the Austrian bank Creditanstalt collapsed, pulling down the banks of Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland, a run on the German currency forced it off the Gold Standard in May, then the British Labour government struggled to maintain its currency peg - imposing austerity onto its own voters as the price.
The central bank has been forced to drain currency reserves to prop up the Egyptian pound.
Brazil has also tried to limit an influx of foreign capital, which has forced the real currency to new highs, making the country's manufacturers less competitive.
The corresponding gains in the German currency forced a number of ERM central banks to intervene to support their currencies in turn, to make sure the pre-set bands were not violated.
Britain barely joined before being forced to let its currency float (ie, sink).
And Brazil has done well since it was forced to let the currency float, as Mr Serra wanted all along.
If the currency were forced to appreciate, the costs of those inputs would decline, reducing the cost of production and the cost of final goods to U.S. consumers.
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Fiat means by decree, and under the gold standard, a given currency is forced on the population by law, regardless of what anyone desires, needs, or judges to be best.
He believes that she will not want to be seen as forcing Greece out of the euro, not least since on strict legal grounds a country can neither leave nor be forced to leave the currency union.
By anchoring the currency, governments forced the real economy to absorb shocks.
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Time and again Greek MPs have been told that a "no" vote would lead to a "catastrophe", with Greece being forced out of the single currency.
Failure would mean not just a forced devaluation of Brazil's currency, but would also damage Mr Cardoso's credibility, perhaps irreparably.
With the bank run draining reserves, Uruguay was forced last month to abandon its currency-band system and let its peso sink freely.
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Despite the Cypriot economy's relatively small size, many analysts had been concerned that the crisis would spread to the wider eurozone, had Cyprus been forced to give up the single currency.
Germany is concerned that a Greek exit from the eurozone could lead to a domino effect, whereby a number of indebted nations -- including Ireland, Portugal and potentially Spain and Italy -- may be forced to withdraw from the common currency, which could lead to a full break-up of the monetary union.
The advent of the super-notes forced the US Treasury to print new currency twice in a decade.
Depositors would rush to get their savings out of the country to pre-empt a forced conversion to a new, weaker currency.
D-marks, the Bank of Israel has repeatedly been forced to sell shekels to keep the currency from bursting through the band.
So devalued is Zimbabwe's currency that the bank was forced to announce this week that it would allow some shops to trade in foreign exchange.
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If Greece had its own currency, it would have been forced to devalue it long ago to reduce its debt burden.
If it becomes a petro-currency, many factories will be forced to close unless the needlessly high costs of doing business in Brazil are slashed.
At its height last year, the financial crisis led to fears Greece would be forced out of the euro, the common currency used by 17 European Union countries.
Lacking stock to use as currency, O'Reilly has been forced to pass on a number of strategic acquisitions for his software division, which makes a Windows-based Web server called WebSite.
One of the worst scenarios is that Greece could fall out of the Euro in a messy, unplanned way for example, if it fails to secure aid and is forced to pay its civil servants in a different currency.
So facing limited alternatives, Americans are forced to absorb the higher prices (a fact that currency legislation supporters are undoubtedly unwilling to share with their constituents).
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Adherence to an unsustainable currency union - the Gold Standard - then forced governments to continue deflation-worsening policies, provoking social unrest and inter-country tension over unpaid debts (in this case war reparations, but still debts).
It was the night the pound was forced out of the ERM by its plunging value in the currency markets.
The reason the US could never be forced to default is that every single bit of the debt is owed in the currency that we and only we can issue: dollars.
If a messy default is forced upon a euro-zone country, it might be tempted to reinvent its own currency.
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