First, they created a reference value for each cell.

ECONOMIST: Climate change

Then through the use of GPS-based reference clocks at each tower (for both time and frequency), the signals are synced so each can emit a perfect copy of both signal and symbol data.

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To see what was going on, Dr Hansen superimposed the actual curves for each decade from the fifties to the noughties on a normal distribution, which acted as a reference curve.

ECONOMIST: Climate change

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In reference to each body on each moment in Time there are always only two coordinates in Space for one perpendicular.

FORBES: Colliding Galaxies Provide A Glimpse Into Our Future