Inside the chambers the sample mixes with a freeze-dried bead of a chemical reagent designed for a particular test.

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Just one square inch, the chip contains 2, 056 microvalves that can selectively mix reagents together (in this case to test for the activity of a particular enzyme in a bacterium) in 256 reaction chambers, each one holding less than one-billionth of a liter of fluorescent dye.

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But Bopara, whose place for the decisive final Ashes Test is under particular threat after a poor run of scores, did nothing to enhance his chances of retaining his spot for The Oval, edging only his seventh ball to Kartik at second slip for just 1.

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The next government will face a particular test in South America, where Brazil has at last become the main engine for regional growth.

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