Since the external costs likely grow with bank size, it probably would make sense for the fee to grow with liabilities.
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Meanwhile, solar energy costs would be competitive today with fossil fuels if all of the external costs of the latter were counted, such as the effects on air and water quality, and ultimately on human health, Orts points out.
Road-pricing has long been championed by economists, keen to impose more of the external costs of driving on road-users by charging them a fee that reflects not just the distance travelled (which is loosely what gasoline taxes do) but also the time and route of the journey.
As such, external audit costs for SOx work by the external auditor are now typically included in the integrated audit fee shown on the proxy.
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In addition, the project contracts a health specialist and external evaluators and these costs are included in the overall budget.
Last year the group faced a slowdown in external trade and rising costs that have checked gains for port operators in China and Hong Kong.
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From a medium-term perspective, while slowing external demand and rising domestic production costs will continue to pose headwinds for Chinese exports, some encouraging developments lead to the ongoing optimism on China, even if it is more subdued.
As for the corporate sector, the Central Bank of Russia has said that the deleveraging of 2009-10 has made Russia companies more resilient to external shocks that trigger higher foreign borrowing costs.
The Bank has resisted calls to raise interest rates - seen as the most effective policy tool in combating inflation - on the basis that temporary, external factors, such as rising oil and food costs, are driving price rises.
Nobel economist James Buchanan often noted that costs are subjective, something not available to an external, third-party policymaker (leaving aside that few cost calculations exist today anyway).
Brazil's new president, Lula da Silva, said the big spending cuts he announced this week, aimed at raising the government's primary surplus (ie, before debt-service costs), would help the country survive a coming external crisis.
As a result, enterprises have re-examined their current Identity and Access Management (IAM) processes and have begun to look for new IAM approaches to ensure that their organizations are safe from access-related security breaches, optimize the operational costs associated with access control and meet their internal and external compliance requirements.
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In the medium term, "external price pressures fade and a gradual revival in productivity growth curbs increases in domestic costs, " the report said.
An external shock in the shape of higher oil prices also adversely affected companies exposed to fuel costs during the early stages of 2011, as a crisis in Egypt put pressure on oil prices.
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Nike management had effectively cut costs, maintained strict inventory controls, and raised profit margins over the last year, but external impacts appear to be working against those efforts.
And obviously this has added economic and financial costs due to the influx, and has further strained the economy that is already under considerable external pressures with an unstable region, a sluggish global economy that is still recovering.
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