This ensures that the expansion and contraction of the spiral is perfectly symmetric, improving isochronism.
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The purchasing managers index, a measure of economic expansion and contraction, reached 50.9 in March, slightly above the equilibrium mark of 50.
That is the first time in more than 3 years that this regional index has been below 50, the dividing line between expansion and contraction.
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The probe was repeatedly turned towards and away from the sun, in the hope that thermal expansion and contraction would free the antenna, but to no avail.
This is still below the 50 level generally seen as the breaking point between expansion and contraction, but is up from a final reading of 47.9 in September.
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This rose to 49.1 from the final September reading of 47.9, showing improvement although it remained below the key 50 level that is the breaking point between economic expansion and contraction.
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Providing a more recent picture, the Chicago PMI Index fell below the 50 level that marks expansion and contraction in September, coming in at 49.7, its lowest level in three years.
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The PMI in March, for example, strengthened to 61.2, up from 57 in December. (An index value of 50 is the demarcation between and expansion and contraction.) New orders, production and employment all showed increased strength.
Denninger asserts that monetary sovereign issuers possess not only the privilege, but the obligation, of seigniorage, which Denninger refers to as bi-directional since sovereigns have the responsibility of maintaining a stable price level during times of both economic expansion and economic contraction.
And secondly the larger and older businesses tend to hire lots of people during economic upturns and then terminate them during periods of economic contraction and expansion.
The level of 50 separates contraction from expansion, and a reading below 40 is weak.
Our economy is growing for the first time in a year, and the swing from contraction to expansion since the beginning of the year is the largest in nearly three decades.
Eurozone manufacturing PMI increased to 46.0 from 46.4 in November, while Germany and France both showed modest increases, but remained below the 50 point mark that separates contraction from expansion.
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