All that the user needs to do is swipe the card at the existing check-out machine and enter a four digit PIN.

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The machine does not allow modifications to its ROM (because it has an O in the middle), but the team was able to use a technique called return-oriented programming to modify how the machine executes existing code, taking the bits they want and, ultimately, devising a way to re-program its behavior by simply inserting a cartridge into a slot -- presumably after blowing on it for good luck.

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Most existing DNA sequencers (including the 454 machine) do their reading by attaching light-producing molecules to DNA, taking pictures and analyzing the resulting image.

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At the same time, he switched from a paper strip to punched cards. (Making the cards the same size as dollar bills meant that existing storage cabinets could be used.) By clever wiring of the tabulating machine, it was possible to count the number of cards with particular combinations of attributes.

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