Apple had been accused by the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, which has been examining "methods employed by multinational corporations to shift profits offshore", of being "among America's largest tax avoiders".

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"Examining Shackleton's methods can teach you five key lessons a leader needs to learn to perform effectively, " Buelens says.

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This is, further, without even examining the details of their plans and methods.

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One example: The gene that makes the Epogen protein is expressed in only a few scattered tissues and is hard to detect by conventional gene-finding methods, which discover genes not by looking at DNA but by examining the RNA messengers that ferry genetic code between the DNA itself and the cellular machinery that make proteins.

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In a paper published this month in the journal Molecular and Cellular Proteomics, Buchholz, Spalding and their colleagues showed that after examining 44 teeth from 41 people they could determine ages within about two years--far better than more common methods like looking at patterns of wear and the changes that proteins in the teeth undergo as people age.

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