On direct examination through the scope, an ENT surgeon (otolaryngologist) can visualize the vocal cords to observe for decreased motion of one or both of the cords as a patient makes certain phonations or sounds.

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While a full examination of the material participation tests of Section 469 is beyond the scope of this post, the regulations under that section provide seven tests that if satisfied, will convert an activity from passive to nonpassive.

FORBES: Overview Of The New 3.8% Investment Income Tax, Part 1