After waiting for years to obtain a patent, and enduring a difficult path of expensive examination, the patent owner would have to endure still more attacks, without the shield of the clear and convincing evidence standard for protection.
On today's college campuses, neither "beyond a reasonable doubt, " nor even the lesser "by clear and convincing evidence" standard of proof is required to establish guilt of sexual misconduct.
We all recognize that we cannot treat this retrosoective analysis from Duke as gold-standard evidence.
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AMs heard evidence that the standard of hospital catering and patient nutrition in many cases was poor and that the problem was widespread.
There are two available awards: The Dooge medal is particularly intended for hydrologists who have demonstrated scientific excellence, and have made fundamental contributions to the science of hydrology as evidenced by publications in the international scientific literature and other high standard evidence.
Both proposals involve restricting a fundamental liberty the right to free travel on an unacceptably low standard of evidence.
But a new report from an unannounced inspection team carried out by the CQC found evidence of sub-standard care.
When the Education Department lowered the standard of evidence for harassment accusations in 2011, some college administrators complained, but most meekly accepted the federal mandate.
"If we require a higher standard of evidence for drugs in this arena, we are not going to cause people to go blind and require dialysis, " Nissen said.
"Sadly the coroner, delivering a verdict of misadventure, has found evidence of sub-standard care which has played a significant part in baby Ethan's death, " Mr Antrobus told BBC News.
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Now, beyond the question of what constitutes an impeachable offense, each senator must also confront the question of what standard the evidence must meet to justify a vote of guilty.
CNN: Transcript: White House Counsel Ruff's opening statement
This attack on campus free speech follows the Education Department's directive two years ago requiring every college in the country that receives federal funds to lower the standard of evidence in sexual-harassment cases.
When trying to find out if something will work - be it a new policy, a new drug, a new teaching method - the gold standard of evidence is what comes out of a properly conducted random controlled trial.
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The standard of evidence for the court was lower than regular courts: for some conditions, the parents merely have to show that their child suffered the condition soon after getting a vaccine, regardless of whether the vaccine was the cause.
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Adams said the 23 mitigating factors presented by the defense had to be proved by a preponderance of the evidence, a lower standard than the one that was used for the prosecution's 10 aggravating factors -- beyond a reasonable doubt.
"This is a randomised clinical trial which is the gold standard for producing evidence, " she added.
Retrospective analysis is a useful albeit not gold standard form of evidence.
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Defence lawyers for the men argued that the standard of that evidence was not high enough to commit the men for trial.
In healthcare, our gold standard for good evidence is the randomized controlled trial, in which, for example, half the patients receive a new drug and half receive a placebo.
But the RAND study side-stepped these problems by using the gold standard of scientific evidence a randomized controlled trial, just like those that the FDA relies on to provide definitive scientific evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals.
Dr. Hartwell, who wasn't involved in the study, said social-network trials aren't likely to replace conventional randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trials, the gold-standard for generating medical evidence.
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Cowen acknowledges many hiccups in the broad income growth measures (possible overstatements of inflation and understatements of quality of life) but says the great preponderance of evidence leaves no doubt: our standard of living is stuck.
If employers continue to rush to buy workplace wellness programs, they will soon find themselves doing what the health care system itself has done for so long, to its great detriment: consecrating standard practices without clear evidence drawn from sound analytics.
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The offenses charged here, even if supported by the evidence, do not meet that lofty standard.
CNN: Transcript: White House Counsel Ruff's opening statement
But this would only be if there was "sufficient evidence" to raise concerns over their standard of driving, the committee decided.
That judgment, the biggest change in the standard for admissibility of scientific evidence in the federal court system for 70 years, was initially used in civil cases.
My guess (and this is no more than my speculation, based on no evidence whatsoever) is that the Conservative standard bearer might be Greg Hands and Labour's candidate might be David Lammy.
Yet the court still lacks a clear, consistent standard for accepting citizen media as evidence.
And there is evidence to suggest that drug users receive a poorer standard of medical care and support than other patients.
Dr Bockting says a more appropriate standard for new identity documents would be evidence the role change is permanent and medically necessary to relieve the stress would-be transgender people experience from the conflict between their gender identity and their birth sex.
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