But the explosion is far more astonishing when you consider that the Arabic-speaking part of the Gulf has essentially no indigenous tradition of visual or plastic arts.

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Justice Kennedy, speaking for three of the six justices who voted not to hear the case, said essentially this.

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Abou El Fadl had, for years, made essentially the same argument in his scholarly writings, particularly the books And God Knows the Soldiers (1997) and Speaking in God's Name (2001).

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