These investors are beginning to rebalance their portfolios by tilting their strategies toward clean energy and away from the riskiest high-carbon companies, especially coal.
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Costs not captured include electrical grid upgrade, connectivity of renewables and buffering of their intermittency by rapid cycling of fossil fuel plants as presently practiced in this country, and non-carbon-tax externalities such as pollution and health care costs associated with energy sources, especially for coal.
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There are many types of sulfide minerals, but pyrite and marcasite, the two structural forms of FeS2 that are especially common in coal regions, are the major acid-producers.
First, the seemingly insatiable global demand for iron ore and coal, especially from China.
Electricity is costly, especially since no new coal plants have been built in New England in recent years.
The losers in this technological shift will be energy sources that are either dirtier than natural gas (coal, especially) or much more expensive (wind and solar).
But Republicans still have the power to block climate legislation in the Senate, especially with some Democrats from coal and industrial states also ambivalent about cap-and-trade.
President Obama has raised it once or twice, but knows it is not a vote winner and is keen not to antagonise coal miners further - especially in Ohio - with talk of carbon taxes or cap and trade and the like.
Those from coal-producing and coal-using states, especially senators facing tough 2012 re-election races, have particularly strong incentives.
But the closure of such plants has also been hastened by the availability of cheap natural gas from fracking, which makes coal less viable economically, especially when utilities must invest in pollution controls.
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Nevertheless, he thinks it can capitalize on a shift in the global energy business toward liquefied natural gas, especially as China seeks alternatives to dirty coal-fired power plants and Japan trims its nuclear fleet.
And it would be impossible to completely cease using coal-fired power stations - especially in Germany - because of a lack of alternative capacity.
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The figures are especially encouraging when comparing new gas turbines to older coal facilities.
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It produces less carbon dioxide for a unit of energy than coal or oil, so the climate will benefit to the degree that gas replaces either of those: it will mostly substitute for coal, though some oil too, especially if gas-powered trucking becomes widespread.
Countries whose mines are not mechanized, such as India, Poland and especially China--which mines about a billion tons of coal a year--need infrastructure to support high-tech machines.
Still, many average Kentuckyians, especially those in the eastern part of the state, where coal has reigned king for decades, have not been swayed by mounting healthcare costs.
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These are already cheaper and cleaner than burning coal, oil and gas with all their pollutants, especially CO2.
Global demand for coal has been on the rise as Asian economies, especially China and India, demand massive quantities to power its cities and industrialization projects.
Attempts to replace these creaking pieces of kit with new, efficient coal-fired stations are being stymied by environmentalist opposition and regulatory uncertainty, especially in Germany.
Driven in part by an "inventory cleansing" but also by strong emerging market demand, especially from India and China which are responsible for almost half of the world's demand, coal's looking hot.
But the rest of the world, especially Asia, is going in exactly the opposite direction, projected to use an additional billion tons of coal each year by 2016.
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