The third medicine laureate, Eric Kandel, is also an American, although of Austrian birth.

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And Columbia professor Eric Kandel , who won the medicine prize in 2000, started New York City-based Memory Pharmaceuticals .

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"To recall something, you recreate it, and that may destabilize the memory afterwards, " says Eric Kandel of Columbia University and Memory Pharmaceuticals.

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Help is on the way, from biotech firms, including one founded by Nobel Prize winner Eric Kandel, who are about to solve the mysteries of memory.

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Dr. Eric Kandel: There are two forms (of memory).

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"Linda has made a wonderful set of contributions about the specificity of connections and the functional read-out both in the intermediate station and the cerebral cortex, " says Eric Kandel , a university professor at Columbia and senior investigator at HHMI, whose research into the brain earned him a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2000.

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