For decades plant biologists have used brute-force methods of genetic engineering to produce biotech seeds that kill bugs and withstand herbicides.

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Genetic engineering, or recombinant DNA, methods can be and are used to create both cisgenic and transgenic constructions.

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The software creates digital simulations that can replace or augment more expensive methods of designing and engineering vehicles, such as wind-tunnel testing of prototypes.

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Koch tends to invest in industries that convert raw materials into higher-value products, with complicated operations that require a lot of engineering talent and constant innovation in production methods.

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The most successful methods for improving the banana through genetic engineering rely on the availability of embryonic cell suspensions.

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Critics of this work say that modern genetic engineering is not an extension of the "traditional" methods of breeding.

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But he said after reconsidering the idea and focusing on specific engineering issues, including the size of the spacecraft, and long-term propulsion methods, it was considered by the team to be potentially feasible.

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As Xerox fiddled with financial engineering, Canon continued to invest in new technologies to gain ground in the copier market, with new methods for printing multiple colours and finer, more efficient inks.

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