The arrestees, using their knowledge of the controls surrounding construction contract procurement and payment and the weaknesses and enforcement of these controls, were able to falsify source documentation, effectively override invoice and payment controls, and facilitate overpayments to the contractor for their own personal monetary gain.

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In the United States, we have constructed and enforce institutions of private property ownership and contract enforcement.

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Mr Lincoln-Hope said the 12-month contract implied 10 months of enforcement followed up by two months clearing up and administration of fines, because otherwise it could have stretched out longer.

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In the U.K., private companies can actually contract with law enforcement to conduct and even arrest people accused of fraud.

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In these and other developing countries with weak capital markets, underfunded public schooling, and inadequate judicial systems and contract enforcement, the poor are likely to be elbowed out of access to jobs, credit, and other opportunities to be productive.

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