In states such as Michigan, close to 80% of charter schools are operated by private for-profit EMOs.

FORBES: 80% of Michigan Charter Schools are For-Profits

Emos often wear dark clothing similar to goths, but the fashion for spiky, coloured hair and studded clothing shows punk influences.

BBC: Hate crime: First arrest for attack on emo teenager

Greater Manchester Police named goths, punks, emos and metallers as people of an "alternative sub-culture identity" in their definition of hate crimes.

BBC: How are goths and emos defined?

Emos are sometimes seen as a younger off-shoot of the Goth scene, Hodkinson suggests, though emo also has connections to hardcore punk.

BBC: How are goths and emos defined?