"This is a major step forward in our pursuit to build molecular-scale electronic devices, " said Phaedon Avouris, lead researcher on the project.

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Europe and America are both boosting their cyber-defences in large part because of the vast scale of suspected Chinese electronic snooping.

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The electronic nose is an array of nano-scale gas sensors--the maximized surface area of the nano-particles allows the most gas to pass over them--along with pattern recognition technology that can create a digital fingerprint (or noseprint, as the case may be) of specific smells.

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He developed an electronic translator, missile parts and even a talking bathroom scale.

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About 750, 000 jobs in IT, finance and business services are expected to be outsourced by 2016, and automation is having a similar cumulative toll, particularly at the lower end of the pay scale, where grocery check-out clerks have been replaced by electronic scanners, and over 250, 000 postal workers have already lost their jobs due to automation of mail processing.

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The company is focusing first on embedding the technology within selected portable electronic applications to gain early revenues, while continuing its development focus on large-scale storage applications.

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