In 1992, the United States adopted a moratorium on nuclear testing, thus precluding the most rigorous and reliable means of establishing the susceptibility of electronic systems to electromagnetic effects.

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It hooks up hundreds of computers around the world to get them talking to one another at the same time to calculate acoustic and electromagnetic effects on the fuselages of fighter planes when they are in steep angles of attack.

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The new Australian study found, however, that using hands-free kits can reduce the effects of electromagnetic radiation by more than 90%.

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The EMP Threat Commission recommends steps be taken urgently to reduce that vulnerability by protecting electrical, water, telecommunications and other infrastructures against the crippling effects of electromagnetic pulse.

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In 1997 the National Research Council issued a major report on the health effects of exposure to power frequency electromagnetic fields (EMF), such as those due to electric power lines.

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Unfortunately, the lack of U.S. nuclear testing since 1992 has also contributed to uncertainty about the adequacy of steps to protect conventional military gear from the effects of high-energy, electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attacks.

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The Australian research focused on the thermal effects or specific absorption rate (SAR) of radio frequency radiation - a measure of its actual effects on brain tissue, whereas the earlier study simply looked at electromagnetic radiation levels.

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