But the combination of the two drugs is expected to lower bad cholesterol by over 50%, so that Vytorin may be slightly more effective than comparable doses of Lipitor.

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MLN4760 is a sign that the genomics approach--in which genes linked to disease are located and used to design drugs that are effective in low doses, without side effects--actually works.

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If that is true, then certain drugs designed to affect the immune system might be more effective if delivered as small doses at different times, rather than as a single, continuous dose.

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Other trials, including one of children with brain cancer, are now being carried out across the UK to see whether the drug could be more effective if given in different doses to treat different cancers.

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Dr Prise said that if this effect could be enhanced within tumours it should be possible to develop more effective systems of radiotherapy - perhaps using lower doses to reduce side effects.

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And although the usual smoking cessation treatments such as nicotine replacement therapy are effective, people with mental health conditions may need higher doses or more intensive support, it said.

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