Bush-era trade quotas on steel demonstrate a secondary effect of trade restrictions.
Leaving them out would exaggerate the estimates of the effect on trade of currency-union membership.
An obvious one is the potentially disruptive effect of new trade routes.
The Treasury's best guess is that the long-run effect on trade of British membership would be towards the top of its 5-50% range.
The alleged purpose: to effect a prompt lifting of the trade embargo against Hanoi.
Another reason is that the American Congress is about to vote on a proposal to grant China permanent normal trading relations, in effect approving its membership of the World Trade Organisation (see article).
Even though Britain relies more than other European countries on Asian trade and investment, sterling should have the bigger effect, given that the trade-weighted value of the pound is about 25% higher than in mid-1996.
And they highlight a "significant risk" from the effect of having an international border in hindering trade.
The price boom had a big effect on sentiment and of course terms of trade but in terms of actual activity delivered into the Australian economy, it's been quite modest.
First, because Switzerland is a small country in terms of global trade, depreciation of the franc will not have a big effect on the competitive position of other countries.
This will, at the margin, trigger trade adjustments similar to the effect of a dollar decline.
In effect, part of domestic competition policy has been subsumed into world trade rules.
To cope with the energy industry's effect on the trade balance, the government has restricted imports of countless other products, and made it harder for citizens to swap pesos for dollars.
We spent a lot of time thinking about macro product management issues (in zynga like ways, but with less malice, and more desire to make lasting value) such as whether single horizontal site vs vertical category sites, minute pricing detail of different types of formats, cross border trade policies and their effect on the marketplaces.
Since the Chile Free Trade Agreement went into effect in 2004, our exports of goods there are up 300%, supporting an estimated 70, 000 jobs in the United States today.
The first phase of a free-trade zone is due to take full effect on January 1st.
ECONOMIST: Vague hopes of integration and messy bilateral squabbles
The American made the mistake of trying to trade groundstrokes with Sanchez-Vicario and the effect was humbling.
Although the NRA is ostensibly an organisation seeking to protect the civil rights of its 4m members, critics such as the Violence Policy Centre (VPC), a gun-control group, contend that the level of funding from firearms manufacturers makes it, in effect, just a trade association for the gun industry.
ECONOMIST: Despite legislative victories, the NRA is under pressure
Illicit trade is age-old, a continuous facet and side effect of market economies or of commerce in general.
In economic effect, a trade quota is rather like a tariff coupled with a donation of the tariff proceeds to a wealthy and politically connected foreigner.
The trade-off for the societal cost of this lost information should be the deterrent effect from criminal prosecutions.
Given that economists have underestimated the severity of Asia's crisis so far, the recessions there (and hence the effect, through trade, on America) may well be bigger than many expect.
The North America Free Trade Agreement went into effect in January 1994, opening Ciudad Juarez up to an influx of factories, for companies like Delphi, General Motors, Philips, RCA and General Electric.
But more than 50% of its trade is within Europe, partly due to a customs union that has been in effect since 1995.
应用推荐