The rest came from a long series of experiments that created the ecosystem effects it desired. iTunes originally allowed consumers to play CDs and rip them to mp3s to be played on their iMac.

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The Nature article, also published Thursday, said that such shifts in weather patterns and human-induced changes could have sudden and unpredictable effects on the global ecosystem, including the collapse of food supplies and other problems.

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It is hard to envision, however, that the Android ecosystem will collapse due to inferior network effects.

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Mistletoe is thus acting as what ecologists refer to as a keystone species: it supports an entire ecosystem, and removing it has drastic effects for the whole.

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Writing in the journal Nature, the 27 scientists said the road would curtail wildebeest migration, with knock-on effects on the area's ecosystem.

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This is an important corner to turn for any digital product because of the potential elevation from a price-sensitive commodity to a locked-in ecosystem subject to the expansive laws of network effects.

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Each group should research the location of the river, its benefits to people and animals, the current condition of the river and the potential effects on the river's ecosystem and the local community if the river were to become contaminated.

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The disaster damaged the region's fishing and tourism industries, a temporary federal ban on deepwater drilling left oilworkers idled, and scientists are still studying the long-term effects of the disaster on the Gulf ecosystem.

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