Part-time work is often seasonal or otherwise vulnerable to the business cycle and other economic ups and downs.

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The history of austerity in the economic ups and downs of the South American countries should provide a sufficient example of the futility of austerity and the eventual need for a bailout.

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Demand for commercial jetliners tends to closely follow global economic patterns, exaggerating the ups and downs of the business cycle.

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The Great Inflation of the 1970s was caused by repeated bouts of excessive money printing by the Federal Reserve and other central banks in the mistaken belief that government could eradicate the normal ups and downs of economic activity.

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At the same time, however, it is almost impossible to contemplate large projects without debt, nor to smooth over the minor ups and downs of the economic cycle and the timing differences between tax receipts and spending demands.

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