All dose limits are presently determined by using the Linear No-Threshold dose hypothesis (LNT).

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The key difference in dose for the Mars mission is that dose limits for civilians are ten times lower than for workers, which include astronauts.

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"Specifically, to reach annual radiation dose limits, a passenger would have to receive more than approximately 17, 000 screenings in a 12-month period, which is equivalent to approximately 47 screenings per day, 365 days per year, " the inspector general's office concluded in an executive summary.

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"I think the A to Z trial pushed the dose of a good drug beyond its safe limits, " says Steven Nissen, a cardiologist at the Cleveland Clinic who wrote a blistering commentary about A to Z in JAMA. "The study falls far short of acceptable scientific evidence, " Nissen says.

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The backscatter machine "delivers an extremely low dose of ionizing radiation" with levels "below the acceptable limits, " the report stated.

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