Vrijman also stated that Wada and the LNDD had effectively pronounced Armstrong guilty of a doping violation without sufficient basis.

BBC: SPORT | Other Sport... | Cycling | Wada boss slams Armstrong 'farce'

Gatlin could press his case to the IAAF that an earlier doping violation in his career should not be counted against him and his ban should be reduced.

BBC: Gatlin won the 100m title at the Athens Olympics in 2004

In a statement, ParalympicsGB confirmed that it does not have a bye-law in relation to anti-doping that prevents athletes with a doping violation competing at future Paralympic Games.

BBC: British Paralympic swimmer Heather Frederiksen

But the USADA will now initiate disciplinary procedures against the cyclist after a recommendation from the agency's review board said there is sufficient evidence of a doping violation.

BBC: SPORT | Other Sport... | Cycling | Landis hit by USADA doping charge

The doping violation means that Chambers is now banned for life from the Olympics and Collins is well aware that the Londoner must not prevent youngsters from making Team GB.

BBC: SPORT | Athletics | Chambers is given track lifeline

In London, the work Reiss and Boltersdorf have done is being applied by Alexander Leipold, coach of the German men's freestyle wrestling team (he was stripped of his 2000 Olympic gold medal for a doping violation and maintains his innocence).

WSJ: Menu

"The RFL can confirm that under its anti-doping rules it has charged Wigan Warriors' Gareth Hock with an anti-doping rule violation, " read a RFL statement.

BBC: Hock tests positive for cocaine