By then scientists had discovered hundreds of kinase genes scattered throughout the human DNA sequence.
An example of a chunky structural change is a duplication or deletion of a longish DNA sequence.
To read the full DNA sequence of the pigeon, the researchers used a male bird from the Danish Tumbler breed.
From an evolutionary viewpoint, a function can be assigned to a DNA sequence if and only if it is possible to destroy it.
Up to 18% of our DNA sequence is involved in regulating the less than 2% of the DNA that codes for proteins, they asserted.
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But I do wonder how easy it will be to get a research-level DNA sequence if sequencing manages to get on the medical reimbursement gravy train.
Johnson's DNA sequence was a 99.7 percent match to the Mende people, and Kittles says his database is so large that most clients have a direct match.
When he finished in 1992, he didn't have enough funding left to put the gene in bacteria--a necessary test if he was to be sure he had the right DNA sequence.
Ten years after the completion of the human genome project, competition between instrument makers and attempts to capture medical value from DNA sequence data continue to make the news.
One example is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a standard technique which employs enzymes to churn out millions of copies of a DNA sequence and involves cycles of gentle heating and cooling.
Then two competing groups of scientists--one working for the government and one in the private sector--stopped feuding and announced the first mapping of the human DNA sequence in June 2000 at the White House.
This would change when the virus crossed paths with cells containing a very specific DNA sequence, a sequence that would act as a molecular key to unlock secondary functions that were not so benign.
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As we move to electronic health records and potentially a world where there is much more health data in the form of DNA sequence and other information, I wonder how important privacy and secrecy really are.
"The development of different bees from the same DNA in the larvae is one of the clearest examples of epigenetics in action - mechanisms that go beyond the basic DNA sequence, " said co-author Mark Dickman from the University of Sheffield.
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a scientific technique in molecular biology to amplify a single or a few copies of a piece of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence.
Back then, Celera Genomics (nyse: CRA - news - people ) and the publicly funded Human Genome Project (HGP) had yet to show off their drafts of the human DNA sequence and Celera's market cap was nearly eight times what it is now.
By adding a solution that releases both the plant and the human DNA from the paper, the geneticist can then analyze the DNA for his or her chosen purpose--for example, to look for a mutation in the human DNA sequence--with the rice DNA sitting alongside harmlessly and acting as an ID tag.
By looking for overlaps between these fragments and fitting the resulting contiguous sequences to reference sequences from humans and Neanderthals the team were able to come up with a DNA sequence for most of the mitochondrion, and it was nothing like one that would have been expected from either a modern human or a Neanderthal.
DNA-sequence data in public databases acknowledges that progress is dependent on access.
It is a fast-growing North Atlantic salmon that contains a new Chinook salmon growth hormone gene and a DNA regulatory sequence that keeps the gene turned on all year instead of only during the warmer months, as in nature.
Companies that make machines to sequence DNA like to compare themselves to the personal computer industry in its early days.
Another sign of how fast things are moving is the excitement being generated by Oxford Nanopore, a company that seeks to sequence DNA strands by pushing them through tiny holes.
And as any investor in this space knows, right now there are doubts about how well the companies that sequence DNA are going to do in the short term as the bad economy could lead to shortfalls in research spending.
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Illumina chief executive Jay Flatley has showed off an app that allowed him to read his DNA variants on a iPhone, and the initial customers to pay Illumina to sequence their DNA got their genomes on Macintosh computers.
He fell out with the NIH, however, over the issue of patenting DNA sequences called expressed sequence tags.
He would sequence the DNA of hundreds of thousands of microbes and put the results in a database.
Already, the National Institutes of Health has started a study that will sequence the DNA of 1, 000 people at risk for heart disease, trying to understand why heart attacks happen.
The GenVault plate, the size of an index card and slightly thicker, contains 384 tiny wells, each lined on the bottom with special paper and prefilled with a strand of synthetic rice DNA, varying in length and sequence.
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