Genetic engineering, or recombinant DNA, methods can be and are used to create both cisgenic and transgenic constructions.

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In the latest work, the team, from London and the University of Oxford, used DNA sequencing methods to study XMRV.

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Other companies are also in the business of making DNA for drug companies and other research organizations, which save time by using newer DNA synthesis methods instead of laboriously copying cells and inserting or deleting bits of genetic material.

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DNA, though, offers a key advantage over the other nature-inspired methods: Since DNA isn't a living thing, it can sit passively in a test tube where it is less subject to biological changes.

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In the last census, forest officials used more scientific methods, including hidden cameras and DNA tests.

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The Army Corps, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the U.S. Geological Survey continue to study the issue and hope within a couple of years to refine methods of determining the likely source of a particular DNA sample, she said.

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One example: The gene that makes the Epogen protein is expressed in only a few scattered tissues and is hard to detect by conventional gene-finding methods, which discover genes not by looking at DNA but by examining the RNA messengers that ferry genetic code between the DNA itself and the cellular machinery that make proteins.

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In other words, recombinant DNA techniques were viewed as an extension, or refinement, of long-used and familiar methods for making drugs.

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