As noted above, there is no benchmark for accurate search results or for accurate credit ratings, so it is difficult not only to know whether information has been distorted but also to devise a rule that would prevent it.

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That's why I think it's so important to make sure that doctor has the best possible information and also does not have distorted incentives to be tilting, perhaps, towards more intense approaches that don't actually yield better outcomes.

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He is said to have done so in order to ensure that intelligence information he was relying upon was not being distorted by analysts with their own agenda in Foggy Bottom's Office of Intelligence and Research.

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As befits a man who won the Nobel prize for his work on asymmetric information, Mr Stiglitz dwells on the market imperfections and misaligned incentives that distorted decisions made by everyone from mortgage originators to credit-rating agencies.

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