In summary, science progresses by testing predictions against real world data obtained from direct observations and rigorous experiments.

WSJ: Concerned Scientists Reply on Global Warming

The data and the relationships we are talking about are based on studies in the field, and other direct observations.

FORBES: Antarctic Temperatures Are Rising Twice As Fast As Previously Predicted

Using a combination of radio-tags and direct observations, the researchers analysed 94 wolves as they hunted elk in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming.

ECONOMIST: Controlling the size of predators

If it holds up, the latest finding would be one of the first direct observations of the very early stages of a planet's birth.

WSJ: Possible New Planet Spotted Under Formation

In common terms, a lack of direct observations and a lack of agreement in scientific studies means such assertions amount to unproven speculation rather than fact.

FORBES: The UN Pulls Back From Its Extreme Weather Claims

Other doubt is legitimately fueled by direct observations.

FORBES: 'Greeny Lying Bastards' and Other Carbon Disinformation

In fact, the star is so luminous that researchers will be able to make direct observations of the planet's atmosphere by examining light that shines through it when the star passes within KELT North's field of view again in November.

MSN: Newly discovered alien planet 'resets the bar for weird'