In the United States, delayering of the management structure has had a similar effect.
ECONOMIST: What happens to pay if prices are static, or falling?
Downsizing and delayering resulted in the shedding of many skilled employees, and they had little option but to become portfolio workers.
ECONOMIST: A vision of the way people will work in the future
Despite some delayering and a lot of guff about horizontal management, most American businesses are still pyramid-shaped: the longer you stay, the higher you rise.
ECONOMIST: Can America��s workforce grow old gainfully?
Repeated rounds of belt tightening have led to delayering and downsizing.
FORBES: Want Talent? Help them Grow or Watch them Go
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