These three skills of government, dealing with complexity and ambiguity, working with multiple stakeholders, and compelling leadership, represent government at its best.

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The largest, and most fully developed, body of management expertise for dealing with complexity lies elsewhere, in software development with the practices known variously as Agile, Scrum, Kanban, Lean and Extreme Programming.

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Our mental and emotional muscles are now so well developed, and dealing with complexity so familiar, that decision making becomes habitual, automatic, and often, as in my own case and that of the golfer, unconscious.

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The contribution of Agile to enhanced management practices for dealing with complexity is a shift towards valuing transparency, obliquity, informality, expertise and getting real-world results for customers through iterative approaches, as compared to the traditional management approaches of command, control, hierarchy, rules, formal plans, reports, predictability, short-term efficiency and a preoccupation with saving or making money.

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One reason for scaling back, according to Ms. Newton: the complexity of dealing with the new Coppa, particularly the rules about third-party data collection and advertising.

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Complexity is your enemy when dealing with reporters.

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But the software sector was forced to develop solutions to handling complexity, because of the massive failures of traditional management approaches to dealing with large complex software systems.

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In particular, Hines noted that they underestimated the complexity involved in working through the California state subsidies, with the local utility rules, and dealing with issues related to biogas supply for the fuel cells.

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