"For almost 10 years, the cartelists carried out the most harmful anti-competitive practices, including price fixing, market sharing, customer allocation, capacity and output coordination and exchanges of commercial sensitive information", the commission said.

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Companies often target all customers equally, irrespective of their needs, and this often leads to resource allocation inefficiencies and customer dissatisfaction.

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Horowitz elaborates that profits in the education sector can be expected to promote competition and innovation that lead to an increase in the quality of educational provision, better value for the customer, and a more efficient allocation of resources, a point that CCAP elaborated on it is 2010 study, For-Profit Higher Education: Growth, Innovation and Regulation.

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