As we watch the currency flows, it is appropriate to watch the pseudo currency substitute gold.
FORBES: Currencies, Credit Ratings and the Compact: Affairs of States
On 17 November, Yeltsin extended that control to include all remaining structures of the Soviet finance ministry, including its authority to control hard currency flows.
What actually happens to the dollar in the coming months will partly depend on which of these forces proves stronger in determining currency flows across the exchanges.
However, the correlation between flows into hard-currency bond funds and both local-currency bond funds and equity funds has decreased significantly lately, while the correlation between EM equity fund flows and EM local-currency bond fund flows has trended higher.
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China has been gradually relaxing strict controls on the value of its currency and on flows of capital.
The resultant weak yen, as much as the undervalued Chinese yuan, is what is distorting currency and trade flows near and far.
That would mean essentially running a currency board whenever money flows into the yen.
As explained here and here, globalization with it transnational production sharing and cross-border investment has mitigated the impact of currency values on trade flows.
In both, a crisis of excess debt developed, in the 1920s created by war and today by a decade in which the new common currency generated huge financial flows from Germany and other surplus countries to deficit countries of the euro-zone periphery.
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To get a better handle on how many U.S. dollars are outside of the U.S., the U.S. Customs Service tracks information on cross-border flows through its Currency and Monetary Instrument Reports (CMIR).
To her the worlds of currency fluctuations and hot-money flows mean nothing.
Brazil, on the other hand, has had to deal with a loss of competitiveness due to an extreme appreciation of its currency, the real, as capital flows flood its massive, fast-growing economy.
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More than elsewhere in Central Europe, says Sonja Gibbs of Nomura, the currency's fate is tied to capital flows rather than interest rates or economic fundamentals.
Reserves need to be large enough to draw upon if foreign-currency financing suddenly dries up, and to ensure that trade flows smoothly.
ICAP-owned trading platform EBS, which handles flows from the biggest banks in the business, said its daily average currency trading volumes in January rebounded 22% from a year earlier and 54% from December.
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Roger Robinson's contribution to the discussion ( four pages of excerpts of which are attached) offered a valuable geopolitical backdrop against which to gauge the currency and equities markets and to evaluate the prospects for international trade, financial, energy and technology flows.
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