Hull City FC said the decision had led to the "criminalisation" of fans.

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In fact, Mr Goldhagen also cites German re-education, the criminalisation of anti-Semitic expression, Germany's reintegration into Europe and other factors.

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Others argued that criminalisation would drive the business underground, increase health risks and put them more at the mercy of traffickers.

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His lawyer Shamik Dutta, of Bhatt Murphy Solicitors, said the judgment "acts as a safeguard against the creeping criminalisation of peaceful protest".

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Female opponents in Sudan and Egypt say they favour education over criminalisation.

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Such thinking leads to strict controls or even prohibition and criminalisation.

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The issue has also exposed a split among aid workers on the ground, who tend to oppose criminalisation, and those in distant western capitals that make policy, who back it.

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He has acted similarly over the criminalisation of adultery.

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Some people think that Nigeria, battered by years of economic decline and the criminalisation of government under military rule, plus a collapse in respect for traditional structures, is on the brink of social breakdown.

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It is true that, in deference to his party's grassroots, Mr Erdogan has sometimes touted a few overtly religious measures: the criminalisation of adultery, new privileges for imam hatip clerical-training schools, an Islamist as head of the central bank.

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