"Any firm that wants to expand at low cost will have to experiment with some form of e-commerce, " says Liu Yuhong, vice director for the computer center in Beijing's Xidan department store.

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And Mr Willetts wants to entice more low-cost providers into the system.

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As Chicago prepares to replace its aging sewer and water systems, and routine construction continues on roads and public spaces, the city now wants to grant low or no cost access for private companies to expand networks right along side that construction.

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North Cornwall District Council wants to increase the number of low cost homes under new proposals.

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Anyone who wants to invest in these low-cost funds (or the many others Vanguard offers) is free to do so.

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It seems that management wants to run a premium airline on a low-cost budget.

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"But I think the third thing is China has matured to a point where it is no longer a low cost center of labor ... in cutting edge businesses, it wants to really develop its own brand and its own next generation of technology, to walk into the fight with your own swords by investing in the next Google, the next Apple, " Law said.

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If everyone wants to insure themselves against some low probability medical and financial catastrophe, the annual cost might be very reasonable when spread around the pool.

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Mr Summers wants the Fund to focus on short-term crisis management, and to avoid being a low-cost source of money for countries with ready access to private capital.

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