But that doesn't reflect the cost of internally managing and staffing a certificate authority, which usually is the most expensive component in a PKI.

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Everyone supplying electricity to end users must purchase some amount of that higher cost power: or pay a fine (by way of purchasing a renewables certificate) for not doing so.

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Though at first often derided as tacky, the Certificate of Irish Heritage program was considered a sure bet as it would cost the government nothing, the follow through and any potential returns being farmed out to a Killorglin, Kerry company called Fexco.

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