First, he says, it looks like cosmic justice is being served, but then the worms turn, literally, and begin to slither out of the frog's mouth or nose.

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Along the way the astronauts would be bombarded by cosmic radiation and risk being baked by unpredictable solar flares.

ECONOMIST: The space shuttle

The greater the redshift, the more distant the object and the earlier it is being seen in cosmic history.

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It will examine neutrons (the electrically neutral components of atomic nuclei) that are ejected from the lunar surface after being bombarded by cosmic rays (energetic particles that constantly streak through space).

ECONOMIST: Divining water

The series -- about a group of space explorers given various superpowers after being hit by cosmic rays -- began a new era for Marvel Comics, signaling the start of their wave of Silver Age characters, including Spider-Man, the X-Men, the Hulk, Iron Man and many more.

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Observing neutrinos from supernova remnants would confirm this suggestion, since neutrinos of the right energy would be signs of protons being accelerated to the speeds of cosmic rays.

ECONOMIST: Neutrino astronomy

Given that we absorb some 40 millirems from our food (bananas being a large source funnily enough) each year, living in Denver gives you 50 millirems from cosmic rays, this seems a sensible enough low limit.

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