Most of the information that we do have is derived from correlation studies.
Studies show a correlation between more women in senior positions and superior company performance, though it is hard to know whether more sexual diversity improves performance or top-notch firms promote more women.
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Some studies already suggest a correlation between a country's allergy levels and its average IQ.
Beginning with the Coleman Report in the mid-1960s, however, numerous studies have shown a correlation between SES and student achievement in the United States.
Other studies that have shown a correlation between childhood leukaemia and power lines have done so only at smaller distances from the lines than Dr Draper's group.
Numerous studies have shown a pretty good correlation between low costs and superior investment results.
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Studies have shown this has no correlation to innovation impact on the organization.
There have been quite a few studies that show there is no correlation between circumcision and lower prevalence of HIV.
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Various academic studies had found a suspiciously strong correlation between the issue dates of share options awarded to employees and low points in the awarding company's share price.
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From the use of surrogate endpoints (based on biological plausibility and the results of preclinical studies) to the distinction between correlation and causation, confounding (whether the effect size is too large to be explained away by confounding), and the hypothesis-generating nature of the inferential process.
Consider, for example, a spate of new studies that have found a rather convincing correlation between the presence of small particulate matter (PM2.5, the fine particles blown into the air by road traffic, coal-fired power plants, industrial manufacturing, and residential wood fuel combustion) and both obesity and diabetes.
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According to additional University of Michigan studies, there appears to be a high correlation between the number of times a member hosts and the number of times he surfs, though, significantly, only between twelve and eighteen per cent of the stays are directly reciprocated.
Second, a whole host of academic studies have shown there is actually in many cases an inverse correlation between fees and performance.
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Previous studies on men with wide faces, says Wong, show a correlation with higher testosterone levels, aggression and a sense of power, which Wong suggests could make them effective.
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