That can be true, Mr. Simons says, whether or not a correlation is driven by fundamental economic factors.
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These sorts of factors become very important in teasing causality from correlation in small numbers over time.
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Crucially the correlation persists even when the figures are adjusted for confounding factors like social deprivation and drug use, but what's really remarkable is that they even seem to reflect the speed at which lead additives in petrol were phased out.
Proxy temperature reconstructions require careful scrutiny because the proxies are not direct temperature measurements, but represent other data and factors that may or may not have a close correlation with past temperatures.
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But the rate of illness had no correlation with the frequency of chilies eaten, leading to speculation that other factors may be at work.
Even when accounting for other related factors such as demographics and risk-taking behaviors, the correlation between televised sexual content and teen pregnancy persisted, she said.
Given all of the factors that contribute to inflation in the short run, this correlation is truly remarkable, but there are near-term deviations in times like this when central banks are fighting deflation trends actively or due to economic swings, currency changes, spikes in oil prices, or other factors.
Epstein commissioned a detailed statistical assessment of the correlation between Pentagon technology spending and various potential drivers in 2005, measuring which factors were most intimately linked with the rise and fall of weapons outlays all the way back to 1955.
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The fact is there is not a direct correlation there because it's a global commodity and the price of oil globally is affected by a number of factors, including economic growth in China, India, Brazil, and other countries, as well as this one, and by a lack of stability in various regions of the world.
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