Citigroup Inc. offers the Citi Health Card, while Chase has ChaseHealthAdvance, a line of credit aimed at helping customers finance elective health procedures such as corrective eye surgery.

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In part, the card issuers are taking advantage of gaps in health-insurance policies for procedures like dental implants, corrective eye surgery and cosmetic surgery.

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Armed with the root-cause research, the airline was able to take relatively inexpensive corrective actions, such as synchronizing information systems, clarifying communications procedures, and training pilots in communications skills.

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