This made each senior artisan something like a small business owner or tenured professor, managing a certain amount of risk, negotiating pay dynamically with bigger capitalists and the government, and contracting out work to other artisans.

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And it allows companies to specialise, contracting out other work to firms around the corner.

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And contracting out can work only if the PT overcomes its distaste for decent private profits: the many risks in project-execution mean that otherwise investors will stay away.

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As the ranking man on the ground for the U.S. Agency for International Development (AID), his hands are also closest to the purse strings, since his State Department branch is funding and contracting out much of the work.

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The Department for Work and Pensions confirmed that under a single-tier pension there would be no contracting out so workers would pay more national insurance, but as a result they would get a better state pension.

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