If the system detects that the ball has crossed the goal line a central computer transmits a signal to the referee via either a watch or earpiece.
The OpenVibe2 project, with all its commercial and academic partners, brings together neuroscience, computer science, signal processing, ergonomics and video games all under one roof.
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Like the Hawk-Eye system it uses a computer to send a signal to the referee's watch when a goal is scored.
Of course, you can always use a streaming music service on a computer and output the digital signal from there without any special equipment.
Last summer the computer flashed a "buy" signal for home building stocks, whose earnings were growing at 10% to 20%.
It produces an electric current, which the chips use to send out an identifying signal, which the computer recognizes as being me.
Once plugged into a computer, the device sends out a signal pinpointing its location and the thief's IP address.
McMillan was one of nine people killed when her train, under automatic computer control, apparently failed to register a signal and avoid a collision with a train that had stopped near a curve between two stations.
This computer has no internal power supply, but when a specially designed reader sends out a radio signal, a tiny antenna draws power from the wave and uses it to wake the computer up.
Criminals "are designing hacking tools in a smart way, so it doesn't take as many resources in the computer" and slow down performance, which could signal something wrong with the machine, Kim said.
It transmits the signal via the cellular telephone network to a computer where it can be interpreted.
Called PageRank, it employs computer robots to crawl the Web for clues in content that can signal how websites are connected.
It feeds into a small computer with a video-input card that in turn sends the digitized signal via phone line to Deits' server.
Its reaction with the odour molecules changes a detector's electrical resistance, and this signal is fed into a neural net (the closest that computer technology has got to imitating the pattern-recognising abilities of networks of nerve cells) to work out what is being smelt.
And by stacking components so compactly, signal latency (the delay that results when data are moved from one part of a computer to another) would be greatly reduced, further enhancing performance.
Barry Cheetham, senior lecturer in The School of Computer Science at the University of Manchester, is combining his academic expertise in communications, networks and digital signal processing with his love of choral singing.
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