The four were focused on the proteasome, a complex of proteins in cells that work as molecular garbage disposal units, engulfing and chopping up proteins when they are no longer needed.

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Better spatial visualization is a must for dozens of professions: surgeons training for arthroscopic procedures, drug researchers modeling how complex proteins fold in upon themselves, petroleum geologists mapping miles-deep oilfields.

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By the early 1990s the amyloid theory attracted the interest of Lansbury, then at MIT doing basic research on how proteins fold into their complex final structures.

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Instead of complex food groups, the plate is split into an easy four: fruits, vegetables, proteins and grain.

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By injecting the orb weaver gene into the father of Mille and Muscade, Nexia bred she-goats with mammary glands able to produce the complex proteins that make up spider silk.

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By the early 1990s the amyloid theory attracted the interest of chemist Peter Lansbury, who was then at MIT doing basic research on how proteins fold into their complex final structures.

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