But some human proteins are either too large or too complex for microbial cells to synthesize.
"A human embryo starts out as a single fertilised cell and rapidly divides into a widely complex series of cells that become a human being, " explained Dr McCallion.
BBC: NEWS | Science/Nature | Salvage prospect for 'junk' DNA
The four were focused on the proteasome, a complex of proteins in cells that work as molecular garbage disposal units, engulfing and chopping up proteins when they are no longer needed.
The BRAIN Initiative will accelerate the development and application of new technologies that will enable researchers to produce dynamic pictures of the brain that show how individual brain cells and complex neural circuits interact at the speed of thought.
FORBES: President Obama Pledges $100 Million To The Human BRAIN Initiative
The series also covers the evolutionary changes in human life, tracing our development from single cells to highly complex beings.
Its goal is to map the complex network of signalling reactions which cells use as an internal messaging system, and then feed this information into other computational models.
Curis, a firm based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, is building complex organs out of adult stem cells and testing them in patients with serious organ defects, such as bladder failure.
Prey cells that stuck to bait cells turned blue through a complex biochemical process which was also engineered into them.
Its submission to the US Food and Drug Administration to conduct the first trial in patients of human embryonic stem cells was the largest and most complex ever submitted.
At least half of the damage, however, occurs hours later, as the initial injury sets off a complex and poorly understood chemical cascade that disables surrounding cells.
Dr Federle and his colleagues argue that the complex arrangement of pegs and channels around the hexagonal cells has evolved to drain the mucus rapidly away from the toe pads, allowing the tree frog to grip.
Eventually, when the pores closed completely, the primitive cells would have had a sodium pump that could power their cellular reactions, enabling more complex life to form.
But building solar cells, the devices that convert photons from the sun into streams of electrons and electricity, is complex, expensive magic to pull off--and has burned many entrepreneurs and investors in the past.
T-cells into action with a vaccine is much harder than stimulating the production of antibodies, because of the complex cellular interactions that it takes to get them going.
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