From such elemental if commands are built complex arithmetic calculations, violent videogames and programs that do your income tax returns.

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The Pascaline was a significant breakthrough at the time of its invention, demonstrating, as it did, how complex arithmetic could be carried out by a machine.

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Here, too, thanks to the assembly's complex voting rules, the arithmetic is finely balanced.

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"Mental arithmetic is a more complex and challenging task, which more than 20% of people struggle with, " the study said.

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