Some say they are slashing trading commissions and loan fees and trimming collateral requirements for margin loans made to buy more stocks, bonds, commodities and currencies.

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Others must put up collateral or face frequent margin calls.

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Geithner noted that derivatives trading firms were meeting to work out comprehensive infrastructure reforms for that market, including a central clearing house, reducing outstanding contracts, and regulatory changes including higher margin and collateral requirements.

FORBES: Magazine Article

Apart from the starting collateral there is something called variation margin, adjusted daily.

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Just a week ago, Carlyle Capital warned the market that it had begun to receive default notices after getting margin calls for additional collateral from lender banks.

FORBES: Magazine Article

Just a week ago, Carlyle Capital (other-otc: CARYF - news - people ) warned the market that it had begun to receive default notices after getting margin calls for additional collateral from lender banks.

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As Microsoft shares tumbled in the tech crash, Lewis had to sell stock to meet Merrill's margin calls, demands for more loan collateral.

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The amount of gold transferred in collateral should be sufficient to provide a "shrinkage margin" that is, as with commercial banking transactions, not sized on a dollar-for-dollar basis but in excess of the amount of American commodities to be purchased.

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Big banks and asset managers will have to do a better job of keeping track of margin requirements and the available stock of eligible collateral they have.

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With prices of both crashing, the university was getting margin calls--demands from counterparties (among them, JPMorgan Chase and Goldman Sachs) for more collateral.

FORBES: Magazine Article