So after his residency in anesthesiology and his fellowship in critical care, he studied clinical-research methods.

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The researchers plan to refine their methods, and hope to be able to begin clinical trials within the next five years or so.

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At medical schools, pharma companies, and even at the FDA, biostatisticians and clinical researchers recognize that retrospective data when treated with appropriate bias-controlling statistical methods, can in fact be reliable, particularly as it points to direction of influence and the general magnitude of effect.

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