Mr Bergen does not see the al-Qaeda movement as presaging an open-ended Huntingtonian clash of civilisations.
Vanished civilisations and lost empires leave a city stalked by horror and steeped in wonder.
The universe, though, is an ancient place, so many civilisations could be very old indeed.
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Of all the ancient civilisations that rose and fell on the Anatolian plateau, the Lycians were the most enigmatic.
Recent work at Edinburgh University tried to quantify how many intelligent civilisations might be out there.
Are Michelangelos the inevitable products of fecund communities or the fortunate accidents of small and specialised civilisations?
In all ancient civilisations, it was assumed that terrestrial events had astronomical causes.
Mr Erdogan made the controversial comments at a meeting of the UN Alliance of Civilisations Forum in Vienna earlier this week.
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The current research estimates that there are at least 361 intelligent civilisations in our Galaxy and possibly as many as 38, 000.
Civilisations there dated back thousands of years and European explorers and colonists did a great deal of damage to the native cultures.
In urban Europe, there is nothing predestined about the clash of civilisations.
Eisenstein was fascinated by Mexico and by its complex layering of cultural strata: pre-Columbian civilisations, Spanish baroque, 19th-century Beaux-Arts and revolutionary modernism.
Stereotypes, as described by the conference's first keynote speaker, Dr Saad Eddin Ibrahim, are categorical beliefs about groups, peoples, nations and whole civilisations.
Over the years, her themes became grander: the growth of civilisations, the wealth of nations, moral behaviour, all with cities at their core.
The director's future ambition is to create a world class research library whose primary specialisation will be the civilisations of the eastern Mediterranean.
On the one hand, the great pre-Hispanic civilisations of the Aztecs and the Maya have been held up as symbols of Mexican identity.
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The Asian Civilisations Museum, located in the grand old Empress Place Building, houses galleries which explore culture, religion and civilisation from across Asia.
In fact many come from countries (such as India) which could boast the existence of great civilisations in many cases thousands of years before Europe.
Civilisations that have eased the ban on moneylending have grown rich.
"I'm hoping this project can bring China and India closer together, two great countries, representing two great civilisations of East Asia and South Asia, " said Mr Yeo.
Against the background of pundits worrying about a clash of civilisations, the descendant of the Prophet Muhammad has spent much of the past week schmoozing evangelical Christians.
Even irrigated civilisations are not, however, immune from climate change.
British accounts provide rich illustrations of the clash between two civilisations whose early interactions were dogged by their respective convictions of their own superiority and the barbarity of the other.
"It corroborates that the region around Lima was a focus for the civilisations of the Andean territory, further bolstering its religious, economic and political importance since times immemorial, " Mr Varon said.
"I believe and many of us here believe that what happened is one dimension of the failure of international dialogue and the dialogue of civilisations, " he told the BBC's Newshour programme.
Civilisations have grown by understanding and appreciating other perspectives.
It is a question which must occur to any sentient traveller in the cities of the eastern Mediterranean. where great civilisations have risen, glittered brilliantly, then vanished into kingdoms of broken stone and dust.
His institute counts at least 62 distinct traditions for celebrating the Day of the Dead, legacies of the various civilisations that dotted Mesoamerica (most of which is now central and southern Mexico) before the conquest.
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