As the research questions indicate, ICCS did not look only into civic knowledge learning outcomes, which are relevant to research questions 1 and 2, but also at learner attitudes and behaviour (question 3) and perceptions (question 4).

UNESCO: Article on assesment

In terms of civic knowledge (questions 1 and 2), the authors found a significant difference in learning outcomes by country, which should probably be seen in the light of the widely different approaches to civic education in the countries.

UNESCO: Article on assesment

Even if it is clear that young people are involved in their societies, it is still necessary to give them the knowledge and ability to participate in civic life.

UNESCO: THEMES