Moreover, the role of deep-water circulation on the growth and distribution of ferromanganese nodules is still under debate.

UNESCO: EARTH SCIENCES FOR SOCIETY

Ecosystems and environmental change: over the past decade it has become clear that most of the deep-water ecosystems (cold-water corals) are highly influenced by the presence of deep-water circulation.

UNESCO: EARTH SCIENCES FOR SOCIETY

It uses so-called passive systems for cooling, such as the gravity flow of water and natural circulation based on thermodynamics.

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However, both economically as well as for the large scientific and public community, the processes and products of deep-water circulation remain poorly known.

UNESCO: EARTH SCIENCES FOR SOCIETY

Based upon the success of the first Deep-Water Circulation congress in Baiona (16-18 June 2010), an initiative has been developed to start an International Geoscience Programme (IGCP) on Contourites.

UNESCO: EARTH SCIENCES FOR SOCIETY

The cause of this cold lurch was seemingly settled some time ago when Wallace Broecker, a Columbia University geochemist, suggested that a North American ice sheet collapsed, flooding the Atlantic with fresh water, which interrupted the normal circulation of the Gulf Stream.

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