He wants to reduce the churn in Newham and turn it into a place where people buy houses, settle down and raise children.

ECONOMIST: Bagehot

To keep their customers happy and reduce churn, mobile operators need to follow their subscribers into the Wi-Fi environment.

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By picking up unsorted trash less often, Portland wants to divert waste from landfills and churn this leafy city's considerable volume of vegetation into compost.

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Nor did Dodd-Frank do anything about Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac, the government-sponsored enterprises that subsidized several trillion dollars worth of subprime mortgages, giving originators incentives to churn them out and giving investment banks incentives to package them into junk securities.

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Retroviruses work by adding their genes into the chromosomes of their hosts, which then merrily churn out bits of new viruses.

ECONOMIST: Human embryonic stem cells

Biotechnology is good at taking genes from one organism (a human being, for example) and sticking them into another (yeast, say) in order to churn out large amounts of a desirable protein.

ECONOMIST: An attempt to mimic part of a cell on a chip

With the right stimulation, they can be persuaded to churn out new nerve cells, and these cells can then be popped back into the damaged brain.

ECONOMIST: Something new in mind

He wants to replace the "one and done" system, which requires high-school stars to play for at least one year in college, or in Europe, before they can be drafted into the NBA. The result is that some teams with a constant churn of freshmen, like John Calipari's squad at Kentucky, don't so much have student-athletes pursuing a degree, but guest stars.

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It could be a few more years before the economy begins to churn out strong enough growth levels to trigger rising interest rates and an exodus from bonds into stocks.

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