In the late 1990s provincial leaders decided to quietly form an auto company in Wuhu, even though the Chinese government had issued restrictions that limited automaking to a handful of joint ventures between foreign automakers and state-owned Chinese partners.

FORBES: Chery Picking

Due to well-publicized cases of disputes between Chinese and foreign partners, joint ventures have fallen out of favor in recent years.

FORBES: Staking Out Your Market Position In China: Part II

Next come the joint ventures between private (often foreign) companies and Chinese state-backed entities.

ECONOMIST: The hidden costs of state capitalism